The Rise of DOOH: How Connectivity is Revolutionizing Outdoor Advertising

In a world that is increasingly connected, the advertising landscape is undergoing a transformation. Gone are the days of static billboards and print ads. Instead, digital out-of-home (DOOH) advertising is taking center stage, captivating audiences with dynamic and interactive content. As technology continues to advance, the future of DOOH advertising holds immense potential, offering brands new opportunities to engage with consumers in innovative ways.

This article explores the exciting developments in DOOH advertising and the impact it will have on the advertising industry. We will delve into the rise of programmatic DOOH, where ads are bought and sold in real-time, allowing for greater targeting and personalization. We will also discuss the integration of artificial intelligence and data analytics in DOOH advertising, enabling brands to deliver more relevant and tailored content to their audience. Furthermore, we will examine the role of connected devices, such as smartphones and wearables, in enhancing the DOOH experience and creating a seamless connection between the physical and digital worlds. Join us as we uncover the future of DOOH advertising and its potential to revolutionize the way brands communicate with consumers.

Key Takeaways:

1. DOOH advertising is evolving in a connected world: With the rise of digital technology and connectivity, traditional out-of-home advertising is being transformed into dynamic and interactive digital campaigns that engage audiences in new and exciting ways.

2. Data-driven targeting enhances DOOH effectiveness: By harnessing the power of data analytics and real-time insights, advertisers can now deliver personalized and contextually relevant content to specific locations, demographics, and even individual consumers, maximizing the impact of their DOOH campaigns.

3. Integration with IoT devices enables seamless experiences: The integration of DOOH with Internet of Things (IoT) devices allows for seamless interactions between digital screens and consumers’ smartphones, wearables, and other connected devices. This integration opens up a world of possibilities for personalized messaging, interactivity, and data collection.

4. Programmatic advertising revolutionizes DOOH: Programmatic advertising has made its way into the DOOH space, enabling automation, real-time bidding, and precise targeting. This technology streamlines the ad buying process, increases efficiency, and allows for dynamic content optimization, ensuring that advertisers can deliver the right message to the right audience at the right time.

5. DOOH offers new revenue streams for businesses: As DOOH advertising becomes more advanced and ubiquitous, businesses can leverage their physical spaces to generate additional revenue. By partnering with advertisers, they can monetize their digital screens, creating a win-win situation where advertisers can reach their target audience, and businesses can generate extra income.

In summary, the future of DOOH advertising in a connected world is bright. The integration of digital technology, data-driven targeting, IoT devices, programmatic advertising, and new revenue streams is reshaping the way advertisers engage with consumers in out-of-home environments. As technology continues to advance, we can expect DOOH advertising to become even more personalized, interactive, and impactful, offering exciting opportunities for brands and businesses to connect with their audiences.

The Rise of Programmatic DOOH Advertising

In recent years, the digital out-of-home (DOOH) advertising industry has witnessed a significant shift towards programmatic advertising. Programmatic DOOH refers to the automated buying and selling of ad space on digital billboards, screens, and signage. This emerging trend is revolutionizing the way advertisers reach their target audience and is expected to have a profound impact on the future of DOOH advertising.

One of the key drivers behind the rise of programmatic DOOH is the increasing connectivity of digital screens. With the advent of smart cities and the Internet of Things (IoT), digital screens are becoming more interconnected, allowing for real-time data exchange and dynamic content delivery. This connectivity enables advertisers to deliver highly targeted and personalized ads based on factors such as location, time of day, weather conditions, and even individual consumer behavior.

Programmatic DOOH also offers advertisers greater flexibility and efficiency in campaign management. Through automated platforms, advertisers can easily optimize their campaigns in real-time, adjusting ad placements and creative content based on performance data. This level of agility allows for more effective ad targeting, reducing waste and maximizing the return on investment.

Furthermore, programmatic DOOH opens up new opportunities for advertisers to integrate their campaigns across multiple channels. By leveraging data from other digital platforms, such as mobile and social media, advertisers can create cohesive and synchronized advertising experiences. For example, a consumer who sees a digital billboard ad for a new product can receive a follow-up message on their mobile device, driving them to take a specific action.

As programmatic DOOH continues to gain traction, it is expected that the industry will see a shift towards more data-driven and automated advertising strategies. Advertisers will increasingly rely on artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms to analyze vast amounts of data and make real-time decisions on ad placements and content. This will not only enhance the effectiveness of DOOH campaigns but also enable advertisers to better understand and engage with their target audience.

The Integration of Augmented Reality (AR) in DOOH Advertising

Another emerging trend in the future of DOOH advertising is the integration of augmented reality (AR) technology. AR overlays digital content onto the real world, creating immersive and interactive experiences for consumers. This technology has the potential to transform traditional static DOOH displays into dynamic and engaging platforms.

AR can enhance DOOH advertising by providing consumers with a more interactive and personalized experience. For example, a consumer passing by a digital billboard can use their smartphone to scan a QR code or interact with the ad through a dedicated AR app. This interaction can unlock additional content, such as product demonstrations, virtual try-ons, or gamified experiences, creating a deeper connection between the brand and the consumer.

Furthermore, AR can bridge the gap between the physical and digital worlds, enabling advertisers to track and measure the impact of their DOOH campaigns more effectively. By using computer vision and tracking technologies, advertisers can gather data on consumer interactions with AR-enabled ads, such as dwell time, engagement levels, and conversion rates. This data can then be used to optimize future campaigns and improve the overall effectiveness of DOOH advertising.

AR also offers opportunities for advertisers to create location-based experiences that are tailored to specific environments or events. For example, a sports brand could use AR to overlay virtual cheering crowds or player stats onto digital screens near a stadium during a game. This type of immersive experience not only captures the attention of passersby but also enhances brand recall and engagement.

With the increasing adoption of AR-enabled devices, such as smartphones and smart glasses, the integration of AR in DOOH advertising is expected to become more widespread. Advertisers will need to embrace AR as a means to deliver more engaging and interactive campaigns, providing consumers with unique experiences that cut through the noise of traditional advertising.

The Ethical and Privacy Considerations of DOOH Advertising

As DOOH advertising becomes more sophisticated and data-driven, ethical and privacy considerations are emerging as critical issues for the industry. Advertisers need to navigate the fine line between delivering personalized and relevant ads while respecting consumer privacy and consent.

One of the key concerns is the collection and use of personal data for targeted advertising. With programmatic DOOH, advertisers have access to a wealth of data, including location information, browsing history, and demographic profiles. While this data can be valuable for delivering more relevant ads, it also raises concerns about consumer privacy and the potential for misuse.

To address these concerns, industry stakeholders, including advertisers, media owners, and technology providers, need to establish clear guidelines and best practices for data collection and usage. Transparency and consent should be at the forefront of any data-driven DOOH campaign, ensuring that consumers are aware of how their data is being used and have the option to opt-out if desired.

Another ethical consideration is the content of DOOH ads and its potential impact on society. Advertisers need to be mindful of the messages they convey and the potential for harm or offense. This is particularly important in public spaces where ads are exposed to a diverse audience. Advertisers should strive to create inclusive and responsible campaigns that respect cultural, social, and ethical norms.

As the DOOH advertising industry continues to evolve, it is crucial for stakeholders to proactively address these ethical and privacy considerations. By doing so, advertisers can build trust with consumers and ensure the long-term sustainability of DOOH advertising in a connected world.

The Evolution of Digital Out-of-Home (DOOH) Advertising

Digital out-of-home (DOOH) advertising has come a long way since its inception. In the past, billboards and static displays dominated the advertising landscape. However, with the advent of digital technology, DOOH advertising has evolved into a dynamic and interactive medium. Today, advertisers can leverage the power of connectivity to deliver personalized and targeted messages to consumers in real-time.

One of the key drivers of this evolution is the rise of smart cities. As cities become more connected, there is a growing opportunity for DOOH advertising to play a significant role in urban environments. For example, digital billboards can be integrated with smart city infrastructure to display real-time information such as traffic updates or weather conditions. This not only enhances the advertising experience but also provides value to consumers.

Furthermore, advancements in display technology have also contributed to the evolution of DOOH advertising. High-resolution screens, LED displays, and interactive touchscreens have made it possible for advertisers to create immersive and engaging experiences. For instance, a clothing brand can use a digital billboard to showcase its latest collection and allow passersby to virtually try on different outfits using augmented reality.

The Power of Data and Analytics in DOOH Advertising

In a connected world, data is king. The ability to collect and analyze data has revolutionized the advertising industry, and DOOH advertising is no exception. With the integration of sensors and cameras into digital displays, advertisers can gather valuable insights about consumer behavior and preferences.

For example, by tracking eye movements, advertisers can determine which parts of an advertisement attract the most attention. This information can then be used to optimize the placement and design of future campaigns. Similarly, by analyzing demographic data, advertisers can deliver targeted messages to specific audiences. For instance, a sports brand can display ads for running shoes during peak hours in areas where there is a high concentration of fitness enthusiasts.

Moreover, the power of data and analytics extends beyond campaign optimization. Advertisers can leverage real-time data to deliver dynamic content that adapts to the surrounding environment. For instance, a restaurant chain can display different menu items based on the time of day or the weather conditions. This level of personalization not only enhances the user experience but also increases the effectiveness of the advertising campaign.

The Role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in DOOH Advertising

Artificial intelligence (AI) is set to revolutionize the way DOOH advertising is planned, executed, and measured. AI-powered algorithms can analyze vast amounts of data and make intelligent decisions in real-time. This opens up new possibilities for advertisers to deliver highly targeted and personalized messages to consumers.

For example, AI can analyze historical data to identify patterns and trends in consumer behavior. This information can then be used to predict future consumer preferences and optimize advertising campaigns accordingly. AI can also analyze real-time data such as weather conditions, traffic patterns, and social media trends to deliver dynamic content that resonates with consumers in the moment.

Furthermore, AI can enhance the interactivity of DOOH advertising. For instance, AI-powered chatbots can engage with consumers and provide them with relevant information or recommendations. This not only increases consumer engagement but also allows advertisers to gather valuable insights about consumer preferences and intent.

The Rise of Programmatic DOOH Advertising

Programmatic advertising has revolutionized the way digital ads are bought and sold, and now it is making its way into the world of DOOH advertising. Programmatic DOOH advertising allows advertisers to automate the process of buying and selling ad space, making it more efficient and cost-effective.

With programmatic DOOH, advertisers can leverage real-time data and AI algorithms to deliver targeted messages to specific audiences. For example, a car manufacturer can use programmatic DOOH to display ads for its latest SUV to consumers who have shown interest in similar vehicles. This level of targeting not only increases the effectiveness of the advertising campaign but also reduces wasted ad spend.

Moreover, programmatic DOOH advertising enables advertisers to deliver dynamic content that adapts to the surrounding environment. For instance, a beverage brand can display ads for cold drinks during hot weather or promote warm beverages during cold weather. This level of personalization not only enhances the user experience but also increases the relevance of the advertising message.

The Integration of DOOH Advertising with Mobile Devices

In a connected world, mobile devices have become an integral part of our daily lives. Advertisers can leverage this connectivity to enhance the effectiveness of DOOH advertising. By integrating DOOH advertising with mobile devices, advertisers can create seamless and personalized experiences for consumers.

For example, advertisers can use location-based targeting to deliver relevant messages to consumers based on their proximity to a digital display. This can be particularly effective in high-traffic areas such as shopping malls or airports. Similarly, advertisers can use mobile devices to engage with consumers through interactive experiences such as QR codes or NFC technology.

Furthermore, the integration of DOOH advertising with mobile devices allows advertisers to measure the effectiveness of their campaigns in real-time. By tracking the number of interactions or conversions generated from a specific digital display, advertisers can optimize their campaigns on the fly and allocate their ad spend more effectively.

The Challenges and Opportunities of DOOH Advertising in a Connected World

While the future of DOOH advertising in a connected world is promising, it also comes with its fair share of challenges. One of the key challenges is ensuring privacy and data protection. As advertisers collect more data about consumers, there is a need to establish clear guidelines and regulations to protect consumer privacy.

Another challenge is the fragmentation of the DOOH advertising ecosystem. With multiple stakeholders involved, including advertisers, agencies, media owners, and technology providers, there is a need for standardization and collaboration to ensure a seamless and efficient advertising experience.

However, despite these challenges, there are also numerous opportunities for DOOH advertising in a connected world. The ability to deliver personalized and targeted messages to consumers in real-time opens up new possibilities for advertisers to engage with their target audience. Moreover, the integration of DOOH advertising with other technologies such as AI and mobile devices allows advertisers to create immersive and interactive experiences that capture consumers’ attention.

Case Studies: Successful DOOH Advertising Campaigns in a Connected World

To illustrate the potential of DOOH advertising in a connected world, let’s take a look at some successful campaigns. One notable example is the “Share a Coke” campaign by Coca-Cola. The campaign used digital billboards to display personalized messages to consumers based on their social media activity. By integrating social media data with DOOH advertising, Coca-Cola was able to create a unique and engaging experience for consumers.

Another example is the “Nike Unlimited Stadium” campaign in Manila, Philippines. Nike transformed a regular running track into a digital arena, where runners could compete against a virtual avatar of themselves. By combining DOOH advertising with interactive technology, Nike was able to create a memorable and immersive experience that resonated with its target audience.

These case studies highlight the power of DOOH advertising in a connected world. By leveraging connectivity, data, and technology, advertisers can create innovative and impactful campaigns that cut through the noise and capture consumers’ attention.

The Future of DOOH Advertising: What Lies Ahead?

As technology continues to advance, the future of DOOH advertising looks promising. We can expect to see further integration with smart city infrastructure, allowing advertisers to deliver real-time and contextually relevant messages to consumers. Moreover, advancements in AI and machine learning will enable advertisers to deliver highly personalized and targeted content that resonates with individual consumers.

Furthermore, the integration of DOOH advertising with other emerging technologies such as virtual reality and augmented reality will create new opportunities for advertisers to create immersive and interactive experiences. For example, a travel agency can use AR technology to showcase destinations and allow consumers to virtually explore different locations.

In conclusion, the future of DOOH advertising in a connected world is bright. With advancements in technology, data analytics, and connectivity, advertisers have the tools they need to deliver personalized and impactful messages to consumers. By leveraging the power of data, AI, and integration with mobile devices, advertisers can create seamless and immersive experiences that capture consumers’ attention and drive results.

Case Study 1: McDonald’s Interactive Billboards

In recent years, McDonald’s has been at the forefront of leveraging digital out-of-home (DOOH) advertising to engage consumers in a connected world. One of their most successful campaigns involved the use of interactive billboards in major cities across the United States.

The campaign aimed to promote McDonald’s new line of premium burgers. The billboards featured large touch screens that allowed passersby to customize their own virtual burger by selecting different ingredients and toppings. Users could then submit their creations for a chance to win free burgers or other prizes.

The interactive billboards generated significant buzz and attracted a large number of participants. McDonald’s effectively tapped into the growing trend of gamification in advertising, creating a fun and interactive experience for consumers. The campaign not only increased brand awareness but also helped McDonald’s collect valuable data on consumer preferences and behavior.

Case Study 2: Coca-Cola’s Personalized DOOH Campaign

Coca-Cola, a global leader in the beverage industry, implemented a highly successful personalized DOOH campaign that showcased the power of data-driven advertising. The campaign, called “Share a Coke,” aimed to create a sense of personal connection with consumers by featuring their names on billboards and digital screens.

Using data analysis and targeting capabilities, Coca-Cola identified the most popular names in each region and incorporated them into their DOOH advertisements. The personalized billboards displayed messages like “Share a Coke with Sarah” or “John, this one’s for you.” The campaign encouraged consumers to share their experiences on social media using the hashtag #ShareACoke.

The personalized DOOH campaign resonated with consumers on a personal level, driving engagement and social media buzz. It created a sense of exclusivity and made consumers feel like Coca-Cola was speaking directly to them. The campaign was a huge success, resulting in increased sales and brand loyalty.

Case Study 3: Nike’s Dynamic DOOH Campaign

Nike, a renowned sportswear brand, utilized the power of dynamic DOOH advertising to create a unique and immersive experience for consumers. Their campaign, called “Nike Unlimited Stadium,” transformed a traditional billboard into a virtual running track.

Located in Manila, Philippines, the billboard featured a digital screen that displayed an avatar of the runner. As people ran past the billboard, their avatars moved along with them, creating a personalized and interactive experience. The avatars also competed against each other, motivating runners to push harder.

The dynamic DOOH campaign not only encouraged physical activity but also generated significant social media buzz. Runners shared their experiences on platforms like Instagram and Facebook, further amplifying Nike’s brand message. The campaign successfully showcased Nike’s commitment to innovation and provided a memorable brand experience for consumers.

These case studies highlight the immense potential of digital out-of-home advertising in a connected world. Brands like McDonald’s, Coca-Cola, and Nike have successfully leveraged DOOH to engage consumers, create personalized experiences, and drive brand loyalty. As technology continues to advance, we can expect even more innovative and interactive DOOH campaigns in the future.

FAQs

1. What is Digital Out-of-Home (DOOH) Advertising?

Digital Out-of-Home (DOOH) advertising refers to the use of digital screens, such as billboards, kiosks, and signage, to display dynamic and interactive advertisements in public spaces. These screens are connected to the internet, allowing advertisers to deliver targeted and real-time content to a specific audience.

2. How is DOOH Advertising different from traditional advertising?

Unlike traditional advertising, DOOH advertising offers greater flexibility and interactivity. With DOOH, advertisers can easily update and change their content in real-time, target specific demographics, and measure the effectiveness of their campaigns using data analytics.

3. How will the rise of connected devices impact DOOH Advertising?

The rise of connected devices, such as smartphones and IoT devices, will greatly enhance DOOH advertising. These devices enable advertisers to gather valuable data about consumers’ behaviors and preferences, allowing them to deliver more personalized and targeted advertisements. Additionally, connected devices can be used to create interactive experiences between the DOOH screens and the audience.

4. What are the benefits of DOOH Advertising in a connected world?

  • Increased targeting capabilities: Advertisers can deliver tailored messages to specific demographics or locations.
  • Real-time updates: Content can be updated instantly, allowing for timely and relevant advertising.
  • Improved measurement and analytics: Data can be collected to measure the effectiveness of campaigns and make data-driven decisions.
  • Interactive experiences: Connected devices can be used to create engaging and interactive experiences between the audience and the DOOH screens.

5. What are the challenges of implementing DOOH Advertising?

  • Infrastructure: The installation and maintenance of digital screens can be costly and require a robust network infrastructure.
  • Data privacy concerns: Collecting and using consumer data for targeted advertising raises privacy concerns that need to be addressed.
  • Content creation: Creating compelling and engaging content for DOOH advertising requires expertise in digital design and storytelling.
  • Integration with other advertising channels: Integrating DOOH advertising with other marketing channels can be complex and require coordination.

6. How will DOOH Advertising impact the advertising industry?

DOOH advertising is expected to revolutionize the advertising industry by offering new opportunities for brands to engage with their target audience. It will enable advertisers to deliver more personalized and relevant content, leading to higher engagement and conversion rates. Additionally, the use of data analytics will allow advertisers to optimize their campaigns and allocate their budgets more effectively.

7. Will DOOH Advertising replace traditional advertising methods?

While DOOH advertising offers many advantages over traditional methods, it is unlikely to completely replace them. Traditional advertising still has its place in certain contexts and can be effective in reaching specific audiences. However, the growth of DOOH advertising is expected to continue as technology advances and consumer behaviors evolve.

8. How will DOOH Advertising impact the consumer experience?

DOOH advertising has the potential to enhance the consumer experience by delivering more relevant and engaging content. With the use of data analytics, advertisers can understand consumer preferences and deliver personalized advertisements. Additionally, interactive experiences created through connected devices can make the consumer experience more immersive and memorable.

9. What are some examples of successful DOOH Advertising campaigns?

There have been several successful DOOH advertising campaigns that have garnered attention and achieved positive results. For example, Coca-Cola’s “Share a Coke” campaign used DOOH screens to display personalized messages based on real-time data. Another example is the British Airways campaign that displayed real-time flight information on digital billboards, creating a sense of excitement and urgency.

10. What does the future hold for DOOH Advertising?

The future of DOOH advertising looks promising. With advancements in technology, such as 5G connectivity and AI, DOOH advertising will become even more dynamic and interactive. Advertisers will have access to more data and tools to create personalized and targeted campaigns. Additionally, the integration of DOOH advertising with other channels, such as mobile and social media, will provide a seamless and holistic advertising experience.

1. Embrace the Power of Data

In the digital age, data is king. Take advantage of the wealth of data available to you and use it to inform your decision-making. Analyze consumer behavior, preferences, and trends to create targeted and effective DOOH advertising campaigns. Leverage data analytics tools to gain insights into your audience and optimize your messaging accordingly.

2. Personalize Your Content

Gone are the days of generic advertising messages. With the rise of connected devices, consumers expect personalized experiences. Tailor your DOOH content to specific demographics, locations, and even individual preferences. Use dynamic content management systems to deliver relevant and engaging messages that resonate with your target audience.

3. Leverage Location-Based Targeting

Location-based targeting is a powerful tool in DOOH advertising. Take advantage of geolocation data to deliver contextually relevant content to consumers in specific locations. Whether it’s promoting a nearby store or offering real-time information, location-based targeting can enhance the effectiveness of your campaigns.

4. Utilize Interactive Elements

Engage your audience by incorporating interactive elements into your DOOH campaigns. From touchscreens to gesture recognition, interactive technology can create memorable experiences that leave a lasting impression. Encourage viewers to actively participate with your content, increasing their engagement and brand recall.

5. Embrace Mobile Integration

In a connected world, mobile devices are ubiquitous. Integrate your DOOH campaigns with mobile technology to extend the reach and impact of your advertising. Incorporate QR codes, NFC tags, or Bluetooth beacons to seamlessly connect the physical and digital worlds, allowing viewers to interact with your content on their smartphones.

6. Experiment with Augmented Reality

Augmented reality (AR) is an emerging technology that holds great potential for DOOH advertising. Consider incorporating AR elements into your campaigns to create immersive experiences that captivate viewers. Whether it’s overlaying virtual objects onto the real world or enabling interactive storytelling, AR can elevate your advertising to new heights.

7. Collaborate with Influencers

Influencer marketing has become a powerful tool in the digital landscape. Leverage the reach and influence of relevant influencers to amplify your DOOH campaigns. Collaborate with influencers who align with your brand values and target audience to create authentic and impactful content that resonates with viewers.

8. Prioritize Measurement and Analytics

To truly understand the impact of your DOOH campaigns, invest in robust measurement and analytics tools. Track key performance indicators such as impressions, engagement rates, and conversions to evaluate the effectiveness of your advertising efforts. Use these insights to refine your strategies and optimize future campaigns.

9. Stay Agile and Adaptive

The digital landscape is constantly evolving, and so should your DOOH advertising strategies. Stay agile and adaptive to emerging trends and technologies. Continuously monitor industry developments, consumer behavior, and competitor activities to ensure your campaigns remain relevant and effective in a rapidly changing environment.

10. Test, Learn, and Iterate

Finally, embrace a culture of testing, learning, and iteration. Experiment with different approaches, messaging, and technologies to identify what works best for your brand and audience. Continuously analyze the results, learn from your successes and failures, and iterate your strategies to optimize your DOOH advertising efforts.

By following these practical tips, you can apply the knowledge from ‘The Future of Digital Out-of-Home (DOOH) Advertising in a Connected World’ to enhance your daily life and achieve greater success in your DOOH campaigns. Embrace data, personalization, interactivity, and mobile integration, and stay agile in an ever-evolving digital landscape. With the right strategies and tools, you can leverage the power of DOOH advertising to connect with your audience and drive meaningful results.

In conclusion, the future of digital out-of-home (DOOH) advertising in a connected world is poised for tremendous growth and innovation. The integration of technology and connectivity has opened up a world of possibilities for advertisers and marketers to engage with consumers in a more targeted and personalized manner.

Throughout this article, we have explored the key trends and insights shaping the future of DOOH advertising. We have seen how advancements in data analytics and artificial intelligence are enabling advertisers to deliver more relevant and impactful messages to consumers. The ability to gather real-time data and analyze it in a meaningful way allows advertisers to optimize their campaigns and deliver personalized content based on location, demographics, and even weather conditions.

Furthermore, the rise of smart cities and the Internet of Things (IoT) has created a seamless and interconnected environment, where DOOH advertising can seamlessly integrate with other digital platforms and devices. This integration allows for a more immersive and interactive experience for consumers, blurring the lines between the physical and digital worlds.

As we look to the future, it is clear that DOOH advertising will continue to evolve and adapt to the changing needs and preferences of consumers. With advancements in technology and connectivity, advertisers will have even more tools at their disposal to create engaging and personalized campaigns. The future of DOOH advertising is bright, and it is an exciting time for advertisers and marketers to embrace the opportunities that lie ahead.